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In psychology, trait theory (also called dispositional theory) is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of ''traits'', which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion.〔Saul Kassin, (2003). ''Psychology''. USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.〕 According to this perspective, traits are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are shy), and influence behavior. Traits are in contrast to states which are more transitory dispositions. In some theories and systems, traits are something a person either has or does not have, but in many others traits are dimensions such as extraversion vs. introversion, with each person rating somewhere along this spectrum. ==History== Gordon Allport was an early pioneer in the study of traits, which he also referred to as dispositions. In his approach, "cardinal" traits are those that dominate and shape a person's behavior; their ruling passions/obsessions, such as a need for money, fame etc. By contrast, "central" traits such as honesty are characteristics found in some degree in every person - and finally "secondary" traits are those seen only in certain circumstances (such as particular likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know), which are included to provide a complete picture of human complexity. A wide variety later theories and scales have been developed, including: * Raymond Cattell's 16PF Questionnaire * J. P. Guilford's Structure of Intellect * Henry Murray's System of Needs * Timothy Leary's Interpersonal circumplex * Myers–Briggs Type Indicator * Gray's Biopsychological theory of personality Currently, two general approaches are the most popular: * Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, ("the three-factor model"). Using factor analysis Hans Eysenck suggested that personality is reducible to three major traits: neuroticism, extroversion, and psychoticism .〔 Hans Eysenck, (1967). ''The biological basis of personality.'' Springfield, IL: Thomas. 〕〔 Hans Eysenck, (1991). Dimensions of personality: 16: 5 or 3? Criteria for a taxonomic paradigm. ''Personality and Individual Differences, 12'', 773–790. 〕 * Big Five personality traits, ("the five-factor model"). Many psychologists currently believe that five factors are sufficient: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.〔 McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. C., Jr. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model across instruments and observers. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52'', 81–90. 〕〔Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. ''Personality and Individual Differences, 13'', 653–665. 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Trait theory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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